Assessment of point and non-point sources of pollution using a chemical mass balance approach
نویسندگان
چکیده
A survey of the River Kali in western Uttar Pradesh (India) has been carried out to assess the contribution of point and non-point sources of pollution to the river. The river shows strong seasonal dependence for various constituents and the water quality deteriorates sharply as it flows through Muzaffarnagar city. The important characteristic associated with the pollution of the river is the depletion of oxygen over a stretch of about 25 km. High values of BOD and COD indicate a high degree of organic pollution in the river. A chemical mass balance approach has been used for measuring changes in the concentration and/or load to the river, which develops an interesting concept to discriminate between point and non-point sources of pollution to the river. The resulting differential loadings, if adjusted for uncharacterized non-point contribution to the load, may represent the total point source load to the river minus any losses due to volatilization, settling, and/or degradation. Mass balance calculations conducted for certain water quality constituents indicated that additional inputs are needed to account for the observed differences in load along the river. The sources may include non-point sources of pollution due to agricultural activities, sediment remobilization or entrainment, groundwater intrusion or a combination of these sources. The difference may also be attributed to some point sources of pollution which could not be identified in the course of these investigations. Evaluation de sources de pollutions ponctuelles et diffuses par une approche fondée sur un bilan chimique Résumé Un suivi de la Rivière Kali (Uttar Pradesh Occidental, Inde) a été mené en vue d'évaluer les apports à la rivière de sources de pollutions ponctuelles et diffuses. La rivière présente une forte variation saisonnière de certains composants et la qualité de la rivière se détériore brutalement au niveau de la ville de Muzaffarnagar. La caractéristique la plus importante de la pollution de la rivière est le déficit en oxygène le long d'un bief d'environ 25 km de long. Les fortes valeurs de la DBO et de la DCO indiquent une importante pollution organique de la rivière. Une approche fondée sur un bilan chimique en masse a été utilisée afin de mesurer les modifications des concentrations de la rivière et/ou des rejets qu'elle reçoit, ce qui constitue une intéressante possibilité de distinguer les sources de pollution ponctuelles et les sources de pollution diffuses. Les incréments de charge, s'ils résultent d'une source de pollution diffuse inconnue, représentent le rejet à la rivière diminué des pertes dues à l'évaporation, à la sédimentation et/ou à la dégradation. Les bilans chimiques réalisés pour certaines variables de la qualité des eaux ont montré que des apports supplémentaires étaient nécessaires pour rendre compte des différences de charge observées le long de la rivière. Ces apports peuvent être diffus, provenant des activités agricoles, de la remise en suspension des sédiments, de résurgences d'eaux souterraines ou d'une combinaison de tels apports. Les différences observées peuvent également être imputées à des sources ponctuelles qui n'avaient pas pu être identifiées dans le cadre de nos recherches. Open for discussion until I December 1998 380 C. K. Jain et al.
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